Ecological implications of motor oil pollution: Earthworm survival and soil health

The nontarget effects of fresh and used motor oil were studied in a soil test system involving such criteria as earthworm survival, response of soil dehydrogenase and urease, and nitrification. When earthworms were exposed to motor oil-contaminated soil for 4 weeks, the observed median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) were 40.33 and 3.88 g kg⁻¹ soil for fresh and used oil, respectively. Only fresh motor oil application increased earthworms' body weight even at the higher dose of 19 g kg⁻¹ soil. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that used motor oil contained more of aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals than fresh oil. This disparity in the chemical composition might be the factor responsible for the significant toxicity of used motor oil towards earthworms. Activities of soil dehydrogenase and urease were significantly enhanced in presence of both the motor oils, while there was a significant inhibition in nitrification by the used motor oil even at a low concentration of 0.2 g kg⁻¹ soil. This study clearly demonstrated that earthworm survival and nitrification could serve as suitable indices to assess motor oil pollution in soil.     

Relevance of Osmotic and Frost Protecting Compounds for the Winter Hardiness of Autumn Sown Sugar Beet

The cultivation of autumn sown sugar beet (winter beet) is supposed to result in a marked yield increase compared with spring sown sugar beet. Although the importance of the growth stage reached before winter for the survival of autumn sown sugar beet has already been shown, it is not clear to which extent osmotic and potentially frost protecting compounds may contribute to winter hardiness. The study thus aimed to analyse the acclimatization process of sugar beet to low temperatures and to identify compounds which are important for survival of frost. Field trials with autumn sown sugar beet were conducted at eleven environments in Germany from 2009/10 to 2012/13, which were accompanied by greenhouse experiments with controlled temperature regimes. In the field trials, the survival rates after winter varied from 0 % to 99 %, but only in four environments differences between the five genotypes occurred. During acclimatization, betaine, glutamine, proline and raffinose were markedly accumulated and osmolality was enhanced. In particular betaine, amino acids and osmolality showed a positive correlation to the survival rate and were thus identified as potentially frost protecting substances for sugar beet. In contrast, raffinose and proline seem to act rather as stress indicators as they were negatively related to survival. Possible frost protecting substances were identified which can be used in breeding to improve the winter hardiness of sugar beet.     

叶菜型甘薯大棚越冬栽培薯苗存活率及其产量性状表现

为提高叶菜型甘薯的繁殖系数,保证种植种源的持续供应,采用薯苗大棚栽培越冬留种,研究不同品种和节位薯苗越冬栽培的薯苗地上和地下部性状。结果表明:叶菜型甘薯福菜薯18和鄂菜薯1号的茎尖薯苗和二节薯苗越冬存活率最高为77.50%,最低为66.25%;鄂菜薯1号茎尖薯苗越冬苗株高最高为29.3cm,茎尖薯苗株高均与二节薯苗的株高差异显著;二节薯苗分枝数、薯苗产量最高分别为62.77个/m2、493.34kg/667m2,均显著高于茎尖薯苗;越冬地下茎存活率以二节薯苗优于茎尖薯苗,存活率在73.75%~82.50%;茎尖薯苗的柴根产量和数量均优于二节薯苗,分别达128.89kg/667m2和16.1个/m2。结论:以二节薯苗栽培越冬,其来年薯苗分枝、产量、地下茎性状均优于茎尖薯苗,薯苗直接栽插繁殖、地下茎萌发繁殖速度均快于柴根。     

我国省级农业科学院的学科竞争力比较研究*

学科竞争力是省级农业科研机构科研实力的重要体现。文章以江浙沪鲁京粤6省农业科学院为研究对象，以SCI论文和中文核心期刊论文为数据源，采用文献计量的方法，对比分析了我国省级农科院的整体优势学科和各自优势学科的竞争力情况。研究发现，省级农科院的学科发展既有普遍相似性，又有各自的特色优势学科，各机构之间的学科竞争力差距较大。该研究为我国省级农科院学科建设提供决策参考。     

Preliminary Study on NF-κB Signaling Pathway Regulating Brucella Intracellular Survival Molecular Mechanisms

By the infection of Brucella virulent strain and attenuated strain in mice macrophage RAW264.7,the assay was aimed to explore the relationship between NF-κB signaling pathways and Brucella virulent strain and attenuated strain in intracellular survival.Use different MOI Brucella (2308,RB51,16M and M5) to infect mice macrophage RAW264.7,after 0,4,8 and 24 h infected,cracking cell and collecting supernatant,we detected the effect of Brucella on activation of NF-κB signaling pathway by Western blotting.Different concentrations of NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor were incubated with mice macrophage RAW264.7,with different multiplicities of infection (MOI) of Brucella infecting cells,ELISA kits to detect the expressions of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine;At the same time,count the number of intracellular bacteria of CFU.The results showed that rough cattle Brucella strains RB51 could strongly activate NF-κB signaling pathway,smooth cattle Brucella strains 2308 was weak in the activation;At the same time,the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway was concentration dependent.When the MOI was 80,infection time was 8 h,NF-κB activation degrees of rough cattle Brucella strains RB51 and smooth cattle Brucella strains 2308 were the strongest,and this pathway was involved in producing TNF-α and IL-6;NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor BAY11-7082 affected Brucella intracellular survival.So rough cattle Brucella strains RB51 intracellular survival and NF-κB signaling pathway activity were closely related.The results laid the foundation for the further study of Brucella intracellular pathogenesis,also provided scientific basis for the research of new drugs to Brucella,and prevention and treatment of brucellosis.     

毛乌素沙地东南缘植被恢复中优势灌木的保育作用分析

以毛乌素沙地东南缘优势灌木作为保育植物,选择油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)幼苗作为目标物种,将其分别种植在开阔地和优势灌木冠层下,连续3 a统计松树幼苗的存活率和主枝生长长度,从而确定毛乌素沙地优势灌木对松树幼苗的定居是否存在保育作用。同时,测量开阔地和灌木冠层下的环境指标,揭示优势灌木保育作用产生的机理。结果表明:1优势灌木冠层下松树幼苗的总存活率显著高于开阔地(P0.05),说明优势灌木可增加松树幼苗的存活率。2在持续3 a的恢复实验期间,优势灌木对松树幼苗定居的保育作用不随时间的变化而发生改变。3优势灌木冠层下松树幼苗的主枝生长良好,并未受到抑制。4优势灌木通过改善微环境,从而对其冠层下松树幼苗的定居产生保育作用,其中改善最为明显的是光照强度和土壤湿度,其次是土壤的有机质和全氮含量。总的来说,优势灌木对松树幼苗的定居存在保育作用,保育植物技术可作为一种有效的恢复措施,应用在毛乌素沙地东南缘的植被恢复中,从而为该区植被的恢复与生态保护提供基础数据。     

Effect of amylase on growth,survival and proximate composition of the Polychaete,Perinereis cultrifera (Grube, 1840)

The effect of amylase on growth performance, survival rate and proximate composition of Perinereis cultrifera was investigated. The amylase produced by Bacillus sp. was added to polychaete basal diets at three concentrations such as 50, 100 and 150 mg kg^?1 in experiments I, II and III, respectively. After 90 days, polychaete receiving the diets supplemented with enzymes at 150 mg kg^?1 showed significantly better growth performance and survival rate than those fed the basal diet (Control). Among these experimental animals, the maximum protein, lipid, carbohydrate and ash contents were recorded in experiment III, whereas moisture content was maximum in control and minimum in experiment III. The essential fatty acids such as palmitic acid (C16:0), margaric acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and arachidonic acid (C20:4ω‐6) occurred at higher concentration in experiment group than in control. Thus, the amylase produced by Bacillus sp. significantly influenced growth, survival rate and proximate composition of P. cultrifera which has importance in aquaculture industry.     

匙吻鲟大规格鱼种培育技术研究

2011年4月～6月，从湖北引进平均全长8mm，平均体重0．006g的匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathuk）水花50000尾，进行了大规格鱼种培育技术研究。苗种培育前期主要采用枝角类作为生物饵料，当鱼苗全长达到50mm时开始进行人工微颗粒配合饲料驯化，经一周左右驯化，鱼苗均可摄食微颗粒配合饲料。经过48d培育，鱼苗平均全长为186mm，平均体重为25．635g，存活率达57．8％，取得了较好的培育效果。     

困难立地造林难点与对策

分析指出困难立地关键在于造林苗木成活困难,其难点包括种苗匮乏、地理位置偏僻、土壤水分有效性低、苗木蒸散强烈、苗木根系再生困难等,提出平衡根系容器育苗、圃内苗木耐旱驯化、保留原生植被整地、加大科研投入力度、转变观念等对策。     

光照和水流对巴布亚硝水母存活时间及存活率的影响

利用人工繁殖的巴布亚硝水母30个碟状体、幼水母和成体水母,分别设立了静止和合适水流及3个光照水平,研究了不同光照和水流对其碟状体、幼水母和成体存活时间及存活率的影响。试验结果表明,光照的性质和时间决定了巴布亚硝水母碟状体和幼水母的存活率,对成体的存活时间也有显著影响。水流对碟状体有显著影响,而对幼水母和成体来说则是必须的。自然光照条件下,水母体色较浅,呈蓝色,随着卤素灯光照时间延长,体色变深,呈蓝褐色。水流还与水母的某些行为有关,在流水环境中水母喜欢聚集和逆水游动。